Articles by: Abhinav Deep Pakki

PV systems do not usually fail all at once. They lose output gradually as light exposure, heat, humidity, voltage stress, and mechanical strain wear down cells, interconnects, and protective materials. That makes degradation both a technical and an operational issue: physics starts it, but maintenance practices determine how expensive it becomes. [1,4,5,13]

In 2025, the commercial PV market was led by high-efficiency n-type silicon modules and robust glass–glass designs. At the same time, emerging technologies—such as perovskite-silicon tandem panels, shingled modules, multi-busbar tiling-ribbon designs, and flexible thin-film CIGS/perovskite modules—began to open new niches in rooftop systems, utility-scale plants, and lightweight applications [1–4, 8, 12–15].